The Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Essay Example for Free

The Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Essay Regardless of the opposition got from vicinity, the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Anaheim Angel both keep up monetary achievement. Instead of one group commanding the market in ticket deals, both have a productive association. Consistently, the two groups figure out how to create a generous income †regardless of sharing a city. The populace shapes a devotion with one group or the other for a large number of reasons. The Los Angeles Dodgers had a normal participation of 51,396 fans for every game in 2009 (sportsnetwork. com, 2010). The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim’s normal participation was 40,005 out of 2009 (sportsnetwork. com, 2010). While there is a considerable distinction between the normal ticket deals of the two groups, different elements can represent this, for example, arena size and series of wins. For instance, the Angels just have a seating limit of 45,050 while Dodger arena has a seating limit of 56,000. For instance, a series of wins that could prompt future season finisher games and a likely spot in the World Series, the ticket deals will normally increment for that specific group. This is valid for groups that are removed far separated too. Nearness is only one of a few factors that add to the money related achievement of a baseball crew. The Los Angeles Dodgers have a group estimation of $632 million and their yearly income is about $211 million (forbes. com, 2007). The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim have a group estimation of $431 million and a yearly income of $187 million (forbes. com, 2007). Second, which is the significant part, talk about the Marginal Cost and the Marginal Benefit of the two groups. additionally, examine a few issues that could influence their peripheral expense and their negligible advantage. There are commonly in which minimal expense and minor advantage can influence the group. In the event that one bit of product beats another bit of product, the maker will deliver less of the disagreeable item and produce a greater amount of the thing that has high deals. On account of the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, on the off chance that one group is losing a larger number of games than the other, there could be an expanded number of purchasers purchasing passes to the triumphant team’s games. The replacement of merchandise impact would occur in fans without a loyalty to either the Los Angeles Dodgers or the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. For instance, if the ticket costs are lower for one group than the other, and a family simply needs a great evening time viewing a ball game, the purchaser would pick the lower value tickets. This is accepting the buyer has no inclination for the particular groups. As the customers in the stands purchase lagers and buy wieners, they are in the end influenced by the law of lessening utility. As it were, as the buyer ingests more sausages, he will become satisfied and each ensuing wiener will be less agreeable. Accordingly, the shopper will be less disposed to purchase more. There are numerous variables that can influence the flexibly and request of the market for ticket deals. Expanding the quantity of seats influences the total gracefully the director can offer fans. On a flexibly and request bend, the gracefully would move to one side in this situation. An event to expand the quantity of seats would be a sold-out arena each game. This would probably make the proprietors of the arena attempt to build the gracefully of seats to satisfy the need of the ticket holders. Another factor that could expand the flexibly is an expansion in the measure of product advertised. Typically the expansion in gracefully is provoked by an expanded interest, except if the product could out of nowhere be delivered at a less expensive expense to the maker.

The War Room Essay Example for Free

The War Room Essay The narrative by D.A.Pennebaker and C.Hedgus explores different sides of the award related with the presidential battle of Bill Clinton. It gives an outline of funnel laying and backstreet interests performed by the agents of Bill Clinton’s crusade. The main individual of the behind the stage side is James Carville. He is forcing and decent administrator of the battle who focuses on his intelligent capacity to tackle issues and passionate potential to abrogate his devotees. His convincing method of talking and charming character surpasses pale character of his accomplice George Stephanopoulos with whom they are liable for the accomplishment of Bill Clinton’s political battle of 1992. George Stephanopoulos is savvy, honorable, develop individual, who, notwithstanding, needs emotionality and open vitality important to make electorate become hopelessly enamored with him. Albeit saw as unpracticed and exorbitantly calm individual, George Stephanopoulos gives an impression of strength because of his conviction that Bill Clinton will change the financial and political circumstance in the nation for better. James Carville has huge attraction and prevails upon a huge number of individuals all through the USA due to his unlimited insight, yet additionally due to his capacity to intelligently demonstrate his case. His talks are portrayed with unadulterated validity and want to clarify troublesome things and discover normal language with his audience members. The film portrays the endeavors and dynamic of the two men concerning Bill Clinton and his change from disagreeable outsider to the American President. Improving the distinction of things to come president among populace, James Carville and George Stephanopoulos manage various allegations of draft-avoiding and infidelity. To secure the authority of their pioneer, through the film they make proficient and successful advertisements dependent on virtues and generalizations of the American culture. During brief breaks they once in a while get an opportunity to have a bite just as take a short rest around evening time. As a matter of fact, a major piece of the film catches audience’s eye by delineating the expert movement of James Carville while he attempts to smooth the circumstance with Gennifer Flowers, takes a shot at TV plug, and carries on exchanges with the Republicans. Demonstrating Carville’s sweetheart Mary Matalin who fills in as a tactician during Bush’s crusade, the executive of the film excites enthusiasm among the crowd. Pennebaker and Hedgus prevailing in their endeavor to depict government officials as normal individuals who eat, drink, rest, and falter talking about ordinary issues basic to individuals everywhere throughout the world. In contrast to news synopsis, the executives didn't add voice to film allowing crowd to basically dissect what they see and freely structure their own assessments. As opposed to general perspective in regards to the pessimism and untruthfulness of legislators the film gives a knowledge into the entire procedure of political crusade interweaved with profound quality, warmth, and faith in future. Notwithstanding the reality whether the crowd adheres to the Democrats, Republicans, or gets itself some place in the middle of, the film The War Room catches eye of individuals featuring human parts of governmental issues separating generalizations about absolute mud and cynicism inside political circles. The chiefs have underlined the job of individuals and their perspectives instead of the outcomes of their activities, narrow minded finishes, or rewarding driving forces. Works Cited The War Room. Dir. D.A.Pennebaker C.Hedgus. Widespread, 1992.

The Broke Persons Guide to Hanging With Friends - OppLoans

The Broke Persons Guide to Hanging With Friends - OppLoans The Broke Persons Guide to Hanging With Friends The Broke Persons Guide to Hanging With FriendsDo not let your friends’ expensive tastes be the reason you rack up a pile of high-interest credit card debt â€" follow these expert tips instead!You know what is great? Friendship.But occasionally friendship requires spending money. And if you have lesser financial means than your friends, especially if you are paying off student loans or dealing with other personal finance challenges, things can get awkward fast.Just imagine: One week your friends tell you that they have decided to meet up for a caviar bar crawl. You could maybe afford a single small tin, but they will be expecting you to drop a lot of money on multiple tins at each new location, so you make up an excuse about having to stay home and wash your hair.Next week they invite you out again. This time they are planning to have a Mazzerati demolition derby and each of you will be expected to provide your own car. You obviously cannot afford this, so you tell them you are sti ll washing your hair and will not be able to join them.Week three rolls around, and now they want you to join them in a game of space polo. You heard them correctly: They are going to put a bunch of horses in space suits and then wear space suits of their own and ride the horses in space while trying to score goals by knocking a ball around zero gravity. Not only does this sound like animal abuse, but you definitely cannot afford it. You tell them you are still washing your hair, but now they are just going to stop inviting you to hang out. Who wants to hang out with a friend who has such dirty hair, after all?So what can you do if you want to keep your friends but you are on a tight budget? Instead of taking out a personal loan to afford your social life, here’s what you can do.Suggest the activitiesIf you are the kind of person who waits for someone else to suggest the group activity, maybe try being a slightly different kind of person and suggest the activity yourself. Even if your friends have more disposable income than you, they probably will not make a big deal out of occasionally spending less on a fun group activity.“If your friends have a tendency to be a little lavish, consider suggesting less expensive or free activities,” says Leslie H. Tayne Esq., founder and head attorney at Tayne Law Group, a firm that focuses on debt relief for all types of financial situations, including personal debt and student loans. “Days in the park, hikes, and bike rides are fun free things to do, especially in the nice weather.”Tayne also recommends dining at less expensive restaurants that are more budget friendly. Low-cost eateries may not get the same buzz as the fancy restaurants, but a good Google search or keeping an eye on social media may turn up tasty, affordable options.Kelan Kline of The Savvy Couple finance blog echoes the benefits of affordable physical and outdoor activities: “One of the best ways to hang with your friends and not break the bu dget is to choose an activity other than going bar hopping on the weekends. These tend to add up very quickly, and before you know it, you have dropped $50 on alcohol and a bad headache the next day.Instead, she suggests finding some similar interests when it comes to physical activity, such as basketball or ultimate frisbee. “These activities are essentially free besides the gym membership,” she says.   “A good game night, campfire, or even a camping weekend can be very cheap entertainment with your friends.”Invite your social circle to your homeYou can go one step further than just suggesting activities; you can bring the activities into your home. Hosting is a great way to entertain your friends at little additional cost, and when you’re done, you are already home!Holly Wolf, director of customer engagement for SOLO Laboratories, but also someone who is passionate about personal finance, shared one experience with us on how she entertained her group of friends. “Inste ad of going out to eat, we grilled lobsters at our condo. I made a salad, roasted asparagus, and offered refreshing libations. The dinner cost about $60 for four people.”Would you be able to get an appetizer and an entree at a fancy restaurant in New York or another big city for that price? Doubtful. And, if you ask friends to bring some food and drinks, you can have a potluck and save even more.Eat at home firstEven if you will be going out with your friends, you can take some steps to guard against spending more than you know you should.“If your friend group is going out to a nice restaurant for dinner or a pub for snacks, and you really cannot afford it, than eat first,” says mindset coach Belinda Ginter. “Fill up, then you only need to chip in a few dollars to snack when you’re at the restaurant. This takes the pressure off. And if everyone is ordering an entree, you can get away with an appetizer to be more cost-effective.”Just remember to only pay for what you orde red and don’t volunteer to split the bill.“Most of us have had the group of friends who always want to ‘just split it evenly because it’s easier,’” Tayne says. “If you only had a salad and a water, you shouldn’t have to pay for your friend’s filet mignon and Cosmo. It can be an uncomfortable conversation, but simply remind your friends that you had less and feel it’s only fair.”Take advantage of general personal finance strategiesGeneral savings methods will also be helpful when it comes to hanging out with friends on a budget. You just may have to do some upfront research. Look for deals, sales, and coupons, and research any type of discount that may be available to you, such as movie tickets or museum entry prices for students or senior citizens.Be open with your friendsAt the end of the day, if these friends are really your true friends, your real friends, your best friends, or even just your good friends, they should understand and be sensitive to your budg et needs. It can be tough to be open about financial issues, but if you do, it can save you a lot of headaches and make your friendships (and your bank account) stronger.“It can be uncomfortable to talk to your friends about your financial situation,” Tayne says. “You certainly don’t have to give all the details of your finances, but if your friends continue to try to get you to do things you can’t afford, you may need to spell it out for them a little more. If they’re truly your friends, they’ll value spending time with you more than any specific activity.”Be realistic with yourselfYou may never be able to afford space polo. But when your friends understand your situation, they should be sympathetic enough of your financial goals to do some cheaper activities with you next time. And if they aren’t, maybe you need to start making some new friends.To read more about how to socialize on a budget, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:Cheap or Free Th ings to Do in Chicago This Holiday SeasonLibraries: A Broke Person’s Best FriendHow to Socialize While Paying Off DebtThis post was updated on October 2019. It originally published in June 2019.ContributorsBelinda Ginter is an industry leader in Emotional Kinesiology, Success coaching Mindset. She is a  trained emotional Kinesiologist certified in BET and Mindset Expert with over 5 years of experience with 6,000 plus clinical coaching hours, working with thousands of clients worldwide. Follow her @unstoppablebelinda_.Kelan and Brittany Kline aka The Savvy Couple  are two thriving millennials that are daring to live differently. They started their personal finance blog  in September 2016 to help others get money $avvy so they can live a frugal and free lifestyle. Brittany is a full-time 4th-grade teacher and Kelan runs The Savvy Couple full-time and works as a digital marketer. You can follow them here:  Facebook,  Twitter, and  Instagram.Leslie H. Tayne, Esq.has nearly 20 yearsâ €™ experience in the practice area of consumer and business financial debt-related services. Leslie is the founder and head attorney at  Tayne Law Group, which specializes in debt relief. Follow her @lesliehtayneesq  or @taynelawgroup.Holly Wolf  is an executive with over 30 years of experience in banking and healthcare.

The Issue of Immigration The Hispanic-American Diversity

The issue of immigration is a major point of acrimony among Americans today with a great deal of the focus being directed toward individuals identified with Hispanic cultures (Guittierrez, 2006). There is a misconception among many Americans that all Hispanic cultures are identical in religion, linguistic, political, social, and family conventions and this misconception too often leads to biases and prejudices that create barriers. In reality, there are a many similarities between Hispanic groups but there are also many differences that characterize each group as being unique. Among the Hispanic groups that have immigrated to America are considerable numbers from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Central and South America. Just like most Americans whose background includes a mixture of immigrants from various countries throughout Europe and Asia, many Hispanics who have come to America share the same cultural mixing. America was settled by individuals from a variety of countries who sub sequently intermarried and the same thing happened in the Latin countries as well. Nevertheless, each of the countries in providing Hispanic immigrants to the United States each have their own cultural identity and have brought that identity with them. Being Hispanic is not a generic identity. The Hispanics receiving the most attention are those emigrating from Mexico. These individuals have become the source of considerable political controversy due to the increased numbers entering theShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration And The United States1593 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration and the deployment of these undocumented inhabitants of America has been a disputed issue for decades. It is debated whether to return the illegal immigrants to their country of origin, or to let them stay in the United States. Factual evidence and statistics has proven that although the immigrants may not be authorized as citizens or inhabitants of America, they do contribute to the diversity of t he country. With such a large population of foreigners, the immigrants also influenceRead MoreImmigration Of Hispanics And Hispanics882 Words   |  4 PagesNational Identity and Loyalty I selected to highlight immigration of Hispanics and Latinos, since it is a relatively young (compared to the national average), diverse population with many subgroups, with complicated socioeconomic factors, and shares a troubled history with the United States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2006). The largest group of immigrants that came from Mexico has settled in Arizona, California, Texas and New Mexico. These areas of the United States also happen to share a significantRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration Has Been On The Forefront Major Debates1684 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout America’s history, the issue of immigration has been on the forefront major debates. Immigration is among one of the most stimulating topics of discussion. Often when discussing immigration the question of assimilation also arises and whether or not immigrants are truly doing so. Since the beginning of this country, immigrants and even natives of the land have been pressured to assimilate to â€Å"American † Culture and to commit to its standards. When a group of people fail to assimilate toRead MoreMedia Stereotyping1346 Words   |  6 Pagesways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Provide examples to support your assertion. * In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? Provide examples to support your assertion. * How might individuals and the United States work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? * How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? | Day 7 | 10 | ------------------------------------------------- *Read MoreThe United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds602 Words   |  3 PagesVarying Racial Backgrounds The United States, created by blending or melting many cultures together into one common man, known as an American. Modern communication and transportation accelerate mass migrations from one continent . . . to the United States (Schlesinger 21). Ethnic and racial diversity was bound to happen in the American society. As immigration began to explode, . . . a cult of ethnicity erupted both between non-Anglo whites and among nonwhite minorities. (22). Until recentlyRead MoreImpact Of Westward Expansion1031 Words   |  5 Pagesoppression. This led to a huge growth in diversity in the United State and helped make a major impact on what we consider to be the modern united states. Everything from the economy to social groups were affected by this and this led to some interesting outcomes in our country. Diversity in the West impacted the development in the United States by helping grow and expand our economy, creating new social groups, and bringing new laws and political ideas. The diversity in the West had a major impact onRead MoreFicial Language Of The United States1541 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause minorities, like Hispanics, are beginning to grow. The United States is supposed to be the country known for diversity, and this is something America is beginning to lack. Gale Learning Center states that 36% of America is cultured, so who#39;s to say they should be the only ones to change their way of communication? The Gale Learning Center also states that Mr.Gjertsen said, â€Å"Diversity is good for business.† Over time, the amount of Hispanic, African American, and Asian people will growRead MoreThe Unsuspected Success Of Donald Trump s Campaign For President Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesof Donald Trump’s campaign for president has proved to be the spark of a new nativist moment in the United States. Open hostility and opposition to immigration has moved into mainstream culture, as Americans become increasingly intolerant of migrants as a result of their financial and cultural woes. Nativist sentiments are not a novel fixture of American political culture, however, as throughout history there have been countless crusades against migratory movements of the Irish, Chinese, Japanese,Read MoreCultural Diversity in New York Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pages 　　The United States as a whole is seen as the land of opportunity. New York is a major central for diversity and because of that many people from different cultural atmospheres have brought their families and dreams to New York City. Although Immigration patters throughout the last 200 years have varied, New York has consistently seen people from around the world move to the city and call it home. From the earliest points in our history as a nation, New York has been a center for trade and economicRead MoreThe Diversity Of The United States Of America964 Words   |  4 Pages The information that I have learned about diversity in the United States of America has helped me better understand and relate to others in many ways. The world is full of different people and ethnicity, race, creative individuals. Each race has issues to deal with rather it be prejudice and racism. Also during my time in this course I have learned a great deal about myself and I learned how to show more respect to other cultures, I already understood some of the cultures and races we studied this

The Nazis And The Holocaust - 1385 Words

Ihr Kampf The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that Jews, were â€Å"inferior† and were a â€Å"threat† to the German Racial community: this was the idea behind the Holocaust, meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. The Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million in 1933, most of these Jews lived in countries that the Nazis would soon occupy. By 1945, the Germans and collaborators killed two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"Final Solution†. Hitler strongly believed that everything he was planning and had done was the right thing to do and was God’s way. â€Å"If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world, his crown†¦show more content†¦Jewish inmates were fed 400-1300 calories a day, the average american consumes 3,770 per day. Inmates were rarely to never given meat, they were mainly fed soup and bread. Jewish inmates were often humiliated for example, SS men would make religious Jews cut their beards. Inmates were not given correct clothing for the weather, so many Jews died from the harsh cold in Poland. Jews were cramped while sleeping on wooden or stone bunks, many jews used their bowl as a pillow. The Nazi party empowered Germany Security police, â€Å"The German Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; Sipo) had exclusive responsibility for arrest as well as orders for incarceration, release, execution, or other â€Å"official† disciplinary punishment.†(The American Holocaust Memorial Museum). Surprisingly, the Nazis weren t the first to use gas chambers as a killing method; in the 1920’s gas chambers were a legal execution method in the states of the United States.Victims of gas chambers were often unloaded from cattle cars and told they had to be disinfected in â€Å"showers.† The victims were ordered to enter with raised arms so as many people as possible could fit into the â€Å"shower.† The tighter the gas chambers were packed, the faster the victims suffocated. After the Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis experimented with mobile gas chambers, gas vans,Show MoreRelatedThe Nazi Of The Holocaust Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthink. We go on with our everyday living and do not give much thought into how far we have come and how blessed we really are. The Nazi Doctors is introduced to readers as one of the worst killing projects that once took place. The author presents his readers with him investigating and interviewing diff erent Nazi doctors and prisoner doctors that played a role in Nazi genocide. As you read the book, you begin to wonder how â€Å"inhuman† the Jews were treated and how these doctors just lacked mercy forRead MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazis1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that Jews, were â€Å"inferior† and were a â€Å"threat† to the German Racial community: this was the idea behind the Holocaust, meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire†. The Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million in 1933, most of these Jews lived in countries that the Nazis would soon occupy. By 1945, the Germans and collaborators killed two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"FinalRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi War1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust The Holocaust was the state-sponsored persecution also murder 6 Million Jews by the Nazi regimes. holocaust is also a Greek word meaning â€Å"Sacrifice by Fire†. The Nazi came in power in Germany in January 1933. They all believed that Germans was â€Å"Superior† and that the Jews, were also alien threating to call German racial community. In 1933, The Jewish population of Europe they all stood over nine million. The Jews lived in the countries that Nazi Germany would occupy of the influenceRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Nazi Attempt774 Words   |  4 Pages Hannah Boggs English 8 Block 3 Mrs. Guidry 8 February 2017 The Holocaust The Holocaust was the Nazi attempt to wipe out the Jewish race (Rossel 12). The Holocaust took place from 1933 to 1945 (Rossel 12). The Holocaust took place in Europe, mainly Germany (â€Å"Introduction† par 3). Mainly Jewish and Nazi people were involved in the Holocaust, as well as some Gypsies (â€Å"Introduction† par 2, 3). The Holocaust was the persecution of 6 million Jews and millions of others forced to live inRead MoreNazi Crimes And The Holocaust1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmurdered in one of the deadliest genocides in history, which was part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe by the Nazi regime. Every arm of Germany s bureaucracy was involved in the logistics and the carrying out of the genocide. Other victims of Nazi crimes included Romanians, Ethnic Poles and other Slavs, Soviet POWs, communists, homosexuals, Jehovah s Witnesses and the mentally and physically disabled. A network of about 42,500Read MoreThe Holocaust Of The Nazi Party791 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1933 the Nazi Party had fully risen to power. Their policies included â€Å"purifying† Germany, taking over the world, and exterminating any group of people that contradicted their idea of a perfect society, namely the Jewish. By 1945 twenty million people died, including gypsies (Romanian), the Polish, Soviet citizens, the disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals and yes the Jewish. The Holocaust is a prime example of genocide. The Nazis sent their prisoners to concentration camps where they wereRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Party1312 Words   |  6 Pages This Jewish girl was one of the many orphaned during the Holocaust, forcing her to live on the streets of the ghetto amongst the filth and grime. She lies on the street, holding her sister who is dying of starvation and disease. Many walk past and neglect to help the girl; for fear that they will draw unnecessary attention to themselves and attract the Jewish Ghetto police. This picture only illustrates the suffering of two girls, but acts as a representation of the many millions of Jews that wereRead MoreThe Nazi Party and The Holocaust1119 Words   |  4 Pages A horrid event known as The Holocaust took place in 20th century Germany. It all began when Adolph Hitler was appointed as chancellor of Germany on January 30th, 1933. Soon after, Hitler gained a numerous amount of followers and rapidly developed his Nazi Germany. Led by visions of racial purity and spatial expansion, the Nazis mainly targeted Jews. In addition, Nazis also targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses a nd disabled people along with anyone who resisted them. This tragic eventRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Party1505 Words   |  7 Pagesinner beast. Some likely never knew this inner brutality existed within them and others had kept it hidden deep inside intentionally. Irma Grese used the Holocaust to express her inner most anger and hate. She abused, killed, and controlled the people in the camps she worked at, all with the blessings of the German Nazis she worked for. A Holocaust survivor, Olga Lyngel, later described Grese as a â€Å"twenty-two year old girl†¦completely without pity.† This description of Irma Grese only gives a glimpseRead MoreThe Holocaust and Nazi Germany1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction (150 words) As a result of the Holocaust, a clear link can be made between Nazi racial ideologies and Hitler’s foreign policy. Firstly, Nazi ideologies were a fundamental facet to the Holocaust, as it included the philosophies of who constituted as a Jew, and the consequent treatment of those diagnosed as Jews. Secondly, Hitler’s foreign policies were another significant aspect of the holocaust, as it was a fundamental part in the construction of Hitler’s ultimate goal. Thirdly, the

Essay on The History of Baseball - 2347 Words

The History of Baseball Baseball in America is about as common as alcohol in college , it is everywhere and participated by everyone. Children and adults play baseball in small towns and large cities and professionals play it throughout the country. The game of baseball is Americas pastime and it popularity is enormous. The beginning of the 20th century between the 1930s sparked the emergence of baseball and its members as nationally popular . There was many different organized leagues ,during these times , including The American and National Leagues and Negro†¦show more content†¦A National Commission ,which had members from both leagues, was established to enforce the rules made between the two leagues. The two leagues battle against one another , in attendance and popularity , during the following year. In 1903 , the two leagues decided to play a best of nine series between the winner from the National League and the winner from the American League. The series was a financial success for the ow ners(4)and players and it was a popular success with the fans. The Boston team from the American League won the first world series in 1903 and the New York Giants from the National League won 1905. In 1904 , the National League choose not to play the world series because they did not want do anything to help the American League. This decision brought much criticism to the National League by fans , sportswriters , and players , so the National League decided to play the next year but in a seven game series instead. The National League winner in 1906 caused great controversy in baseball.Show MoreRelatedHistory of Baseball1338 Words   |  6 Pagesto three. Baseball today has many changes from 1952, such as team names. Todays World Series consist of the St. Louis Cardinals and Boston Red Sox, in which the Boston Red Sox defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to two. Baseball is Americas past time, some of the greatest players played in the past of baseball. What is Baseball? Baseball is a sport that is played between two teams and nine players on each team, baseball is a bat and ball game that last for nine innings. Baseball is playedRead MoreHistory of Baseball Worldwide1210 Words   |  5 PagesTo some, Baseball is just a sport, but to others, baseball is a way of life. In the United States, but young kids mostly coming from a Hispanic country and tend to do nothing except eat, sleep, and breathe the sport of baseball. The importance of the sport gives those kids a chance to make something to look forward to in their lives. The reason why parents push their kids so hard with baseball is so that those kids can have a chance to escape their life of poverty that their parents went throughRead More Baseball and Its History Essay2396 Words   |  10 Pages Baseball is an immensely popular American game, known as the national pastime, played between two teams of nine players each. The basic implements used in the game are a leather-covered ball, wooden bats for hitting the ball, and gloves for catching it. Baseball is played on a large scale in Latin America, Japan, and other places besides the United States, but it is in the United States that it thrives both as a participants and spectators sport. It is played at its highest level inRead MoreThe Unique History Of The Negro Baseball Leagues1379 Words   |  6 Pagesessay we will take a look at the unique history of the Negro Baseball Leagues. We will discuss how they were an integral part of the African American culture and what they meant to their communities. We will also discuss some of the more famous players of the Negro Leagues as well as take a look at what the impact of Jackie Robinson being the first African American to be signed to a professional Major League team was and how it affected the future of baseball. Black American men were banned fromRead MoreHistory of Baseball Informative Speech Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesknow the odds of a fan getting hit by a baseball are 300,000 to 1? And did u know the shortest baseball player that ever played was recorded to be 3 feet and 7 inches? These are interesting facts I stumbled upon research, but I bet most of you did not know. There are many interesting facts that people like you and I don’t know about baseball throughout its history. Have you ever asked yourself where did baseball come from, who created it, or even ask what baseball went through in the past to receiveRead MoreHistory and Importance of Baseball in the US Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesBaseball is an American icon. It is the Statue of Liberty, the bald eagle, ‘In God We Trust,’ Mount Rushmore, ice cream, apple pie, hot dogs, and rally monkeys. BASEBALL IS AMERICA.† At one time baseball held the hearts and captivated the minds of the majority of the United States of America with its luster and almost magical exuberance. It exerted this on minds of young children and all the way up to old men and women in America. Americans fell in love with the scent of ballpark hotdogs and theRead MoreThe Economic History of Major League Baseball1903 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Baseball is considered Americas pastime as it is steeped in history and prestige. However, due in part to the emergence of alternative sporting events such as skateboarding, snowboarding and competitive biking, the profits previously garnered within the industry are not growing as fast as they once where. In fact, in many instances, individual player salaries are outpacing the growth of ticket and television revenue. 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Headspace Faces In Cloud Solutions Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Headspace Faces In Cloud Solutions. Answer: Introduction Headspace faces a huge challenge of managing its patients records, in essence, all the stakeholders of the organization continuously interact with a wide range of information which is generally used to make diagnosis and treatments. Therefore, at any given instance a lot of information is circulating around the institution as pertaining to the users requirements i.e. medical practitioners, emergency workers and even the patients themselves(Bildosola, Rio-Bevler, Cilleruelo, Garechana, 2015). Moreover, a large database is needed to handle the young peoples stories as they dictate their treatments. As a solution, the organization aims to link its proposed system with a cloud infrastructure where foundational elements such as storage and processors will be provided. Now, although cloud technology offers a wide range of benefits, its adoption in any organization possess many challenges as it presents a new paradigm of service delivery. This report highlights these issues among other rel ated aspects of cloud solutions and how they can be integrated into the Headspace system. The non-functional requirements Quality system performance and improvement are at the helm of the requirements of service delivery. These attributes dictate the overall reliability and maintainability of a software system which continuously engages the end user(Merugu Akepogu, 2011). Essentially, these factors outline some of the non-functional requirements of a system, which are the elements that constrain the overall functionalities of an entity. Therefore, unlike the functional requirement that defines the operation itself, they highlight the process i.e. the how of operations. Critical system qualities Ideally, a system promotes the users awareness to the different functionalities available, this capability defines the quality of the software which eventually facilitates the amicable experience with the end user(Sofia, 2010). Therefore, this system will require the following qualities: Conceptual integrity this element will define the coherence and consistency of the system i.e. the overall feel of the design which engages the user promoting enhanced performance. Availability with cloud resources, the timeline of access will be increased which will reduce the percentage of system downtime. This outcome will increase usability and reliability. Maintainability - a reliability factor that determines the ability of the system to undergo changes with ease while facilitating the different functionalities(Microsoft, 2017). System interface System interface will define the controls and communications that will allow unrelated items to co-exist as well as function. In this project, the Headspace system will have a system interface with the cloud resources(Chung, Nixon, Yu). Therefore, interface management will determine the success of this collaboration as two distinct paradigms will meet. Therefore, there must be: Consistency in the functionalities of both systems in order to limit downtimes on both ends. Two, the stability of the interface to promote a reliable and consistent performance. Finally, the interface will have to be interoperable with a wide range of digital systems to support the exchange of information. User interface Similar to the system interface, the UI will define the boundary between the end users and the software package(Lim Finkelstein, 2010). Therefore, to deliver its services, the UI must have the following requirements: Clarity and simplicity the design of the interface should not be complicated to frustrate the users actions. Furthermore, it should enable every functionality based on a self-awareness system. Responsiveness the speed of executing functionalities should be at par with the users feedbacks. Supportability help facilities that solve the problems facing the users e.g. an icon to ask questions about the system(Mitre, 2017). System constraints Due to the different requirements and preferences of the users, the developed system will always have some limitations and compromises in an attempt to satisfy all the stakeholders. To the Headspace project, these limitations include the application of a new technology or operational environment which will restrict the security of the data(Ambler, 2014). Secondly, the non-functional requirements, because they will deter some of the functional activities. Finally, the expenditures of the design as they will have to adhere to a proposed budget. The review of the cloud solution Information systems provide many benefits to organizations owing to their ability to share and distribute information. In essence, this is the objective held by Headspace as they seek to implement a modern IS. Cloud-based solutions extend these benefits and abilities by providing a new computing model that shares resources over the internet(NZG, 2014). Therefore, with the proposed cloud integration, the institution can acquire the following strengths. The strengths Cost saving and flexibility this is perhaps the most significant strength of cloud solutions as they offer extended IT resources at affordable prices. Furthermore, the subscriber can adjust their expenditures based on their immediate demands. Virtualization benefits with cloud solutions the user can have flexible, scalable and mobile resources because they are virtually accessed. System reliability service providers will set up multiple data centres which will guarantee the users availability of their resources(LC, 2017). The weaknesses Outages and downtimes while multiple resources are set up by the service providers, the users also depend on the availability of internet connection which when affected halts the cloud services. Vendor lock-in after a migration, an organization will invest so many resources with a service provider which in the end may hinder their movement. Security although a lot of security measures are implemented, the users inherently give service providers access to sensitive information by subscribing to them. Moreover, their resources are accessed using public channels of the internet(LC, 2017). Handling Headspace data According to security experts, subscribers should never store sensitive data in cloud storage facilities as they are easily compromised. Moreover, the same resources do not conform to the legal stipulations of the physical world i.e. the Australian data regulations. Therefore, the users must implement several security features to minimize these limitations. In this case, Headspace can use the following strategies: First, the organization should specify a credible service agreement with the provider to stipulate the guidelines of data management i.e. its ownership. Secondly, Headspace should authenticate and verify all its users using access control procedures. Finally, encryption should be at the helm of all the services where strong and unbreakable algorithms are used e.g. AES (advanced encryption standard)(Ivey, 2013). The review of the SDLC The rapid growth and complexity of information systems have led to a multiplicity of ideas that assist organizations in the transactions, connections and development of solutions. In essence, these ideas will hold specific procedures of designing and delivering technological packages to the end users. Now, SDLC (system or software development life cycle) is one such procedure that helps developers to implement software packages(Isaias Issa, 2015). This procedure will define different stages of system development which will guarantee the users requirements. Furthermore, depending on the users requirements, SDLC will follow different methods to achieve the final solution. Predictive SDLC Now, to understand the predictive approach, one must revert back to the inception of software packages, where user requirements and demands were generally minimal thus favoured a predictable procedure of system implementation. In all, the predictive approach will assume all the requirements and phases of development. Moreover, it will also assume a consistent process that will have minimal deviations or adjustments(Radack). Therefore, a logical and sequential model is followed where each phase of the design process is completed before moving on to the next. In addition to this, these phases will not overlap at any given instance as their functionalities will depend on one another (i.e. design dependence). Pros of the approach This approach follows a clear and concise plan that is very easy to understand, an outcome that simplifies the implementation process. The stages of development are easy to predict which helps to determine the timelines. It also requires minimal resources because of the conventional approach it uses. Finally, the method requires constant documentation of the design activities which promotes accountability(Balaji, 2012). Cons Most of the system developed using the predictive approach are usually poorly structured because of the limitations of time. In essence, developers will quickly sign off on phases in an attempt to beat the deadlines. Secondly, it is also extremely inflexible which restricts changes during the implementation process. Finally, it is time intensive because of the sequential implementation of the development phases. Adaptive SDLC For this approach, the developers and users must consider a modern outlook into system development. In essence, an agile approach is followed, having the means to adapt to different changes. Therefore, unlike the previous method, the design process can adjust to fit the immediate needs of the users. This outcome improves the customers satisfaction as they are free to propose any requirement or preference. Furthermore, the system will follow a user-centred procedure that will analyze the needs of the user using a number of cognitive techniques. Nevertheless, the approach will start by defining the system parameters including the requirements and functionalities(Devi, 2013). These elements will define the implementation phases which are also able to adapt to the different needs of the users. In addition to this, these phases are executed simultaneously and independently which optimizes the development time. Finally, the phases are assembled to give the final solution using a wide range of iterative techniques. Pros of the method Flexibility, its most significant advantage because it's able to adapt to the different changes of the user requirements Secondly, the approach guarantees a favourable outcome of the solution because the developers do not use guesswork to implement the phases. Instead, they collaborate their functionalities with those of the end users. It is also time efficient because of the concurrent implementation of the development phases. Finally, it produces agile systems that satisfy the users needs. Cons First, its resource intensive owing to the wide range of functionalities needed. Secondly, it also requires a lot of expertise as each implementation stage requires a specialized input(Balaji, 2012). Recommendation Recalling the attributes and benefits of these methods provides an accurate outline for the best recommendation. First, the predictive method only facilitates the development of small and conventional systems that have minimal requirements. Moreover, its sequential procedure develops poorly structured systems that are unable to live up to users expectations. On the other hand, the adaptive method aligns its procedures with those of the end user, adapting to any given change(Isaias Issa, 2015). In addition to this, it follows a user-centred approach which guarantees the satisfaction of the end user. Therefore, based on these conditions, the adaptive SDLC method is the best solution for developing the Headspace system. Conclusion Cloud-based solutions have been generally accepted in the digital world where their benefits and convinces have propelled their adoption into technological systems. At the same time, users have now become more aware of its limitations particularly those of its security. Therefore, its current implementation depends on the users ability to surpass this limitation on an account of the other benefits. Now, Headspace will have to deal with the risks of data security as its immediate demands are in desperate need of a versatile storage facility. Moreover, it can minimize this limitation by implementing proper security procedures. References Ambler, S. (2014). Constraints: An Agile Introduction. Agile modeling, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://agilemodeling.com/artifacts/constraint.htm. Balaji, S. (2012). WATEERFALLVs V-MODEL Vs AGILE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SDLC. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.jitbm.com/Volume2No1/waterfall.pdf. Bildosola, I., Rio-Bevler, R., Cilleruelo, E., Garechana, G. (2015). Design and Implementation of a Cloud Computing Adoption Decision Tool: Generating a Cloud Road. PLOS, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134563. Chung, L., Nixon, B., Yu, E. (n.d.). USING QUALITY REQUIREMENTS TO SYSTEMATICALLY DEVELOP QUALITY SOFTWARE. Fourth International Conference on Software Quality, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: tp://ftp.cs.utoronto.ca/pub/eric/ICSQ4Paper.pdf. Devi, V. (2013). Traditional and Agile Methods: An Interpretation. Scrum Alliance, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.scrumalliance.org/community/articles/2013/january/traditional-and-agile-methods-an-interpretation. Isaias, P., Issa, T. (2015). Information System Development Life Cycle Models. Springer Science, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781461492535-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1479416-p175478101. Ivey, V. (2013). 5 Tips to Keep Your Data Secure on the Cloud. CIO, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.cio.com/article/2380182/cloud-security/5-tips-to-keep-your-data-secure-on-the-cloud.html. (2017). Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing. Level cloud, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.levelcloud.net/why-levelcloud/cloud-education-center/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-cloud-computing/. Lim, S., Finkelstein, A. (2010). Anticipating Change in Requirements Engineering. Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/A.Finkelstein/papers/antchange.pdf. Merugu, G., Akepogu, A. (2011). Four Layered Approach to Non-Functional Requirements Analysis. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.ijcsi.org/papers/IJCSI-8-6-2-371-379.pdf. Microsoft. (2017). Chapter 16: Quality Attributes. Design fundamentals, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee658094.aspx. Mitre. (2017). Interface Management. System engineering guide, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.mitre.org/publications/systems-engineering-guide/se-lifecycle-building-blocks/systems-integration/interface-management. NZG. (2014). Cloud Computing. Information Security and Privacy Considerations, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.ict.govt.nz/assets/ICT-System-Assurance/Cloud-Computing-Information-Security-and-Privacy-Considerations-FINAL2.pdf. Radack, S. (n.d.). THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC). Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from:https://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistbul/april2009_system-development-life-cycle.pdf. Sofia. (2010). Software Development Process activities and steps. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIs, Retrieved 04 October, 2017, from: https://www.uacg.bg/filebank/acadstaff/userfiles/publ_bg_397_SDP_activities_and_steps.pdf.

The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism

Abstract Over the recent past, the issue of terrorism has raised a major security concern in the world. This has increased the need to have effective counter terrorism measures.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fight against terrorism has led to controversy between the measures taken by the state counter terrorism committee and the views of human right organizations. In this study, we seek to find out the implication of terrorism on human rights and its impact on global security. The discussion begins with an introduction to the general issue of terrorism and its implication on human rights. The question whether human rights are being violated by counter-terrorism measures will be critically analyzed through out this study. Finally, some attention has b een given to address the counter terrorism measures that are implemented to address the national and international security. In the process, there are human right issues that arise from the investigations, detention, and the prosecution of the terrorism suspects. Introduction and the Problem Statement and research question Over the past decade, the issue of terrorism has been one of the major concerns in many countries. Cases of terror have increased significantly; this is a fact that poses a major challenge to human rights as it raises issues for victims and perpetrators alike. There is therefore a need to have a critical analysis of terrorism and human right issues surrounding the vice. Terrorism can be considered as a vice because it is against the basic human rights. This study seeks to give a detailed analysis on this issue of terrorism and the differing views on how it should be mitigated. Cases of terrorism have increased significantly over the recent past as many innocent pe ople lost their lives. In order to mitigate the terrorism activities, many countries have put strict measures on individuals suspected to be involved in the vice. This raises further issues on the opinion that individuals found to be involved in terrorism have the right to be treated in the right manner as members of the human family (High Commissioner for Human Rights 3).Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The research will have a policy implication. It will provide the policy makers with the necessary information which may play a pivotal role in formulation of the most effective policies. This study will also provide a deep understanding of the issue of terrorism and its implication on human rights. In this case, a major question we need to ask is whether both governments as well as Human Rights organizations have effectively reacted in the right way to terrorism. That is, the approach which does not violate the rights of both the victims and the perpetrators. Human Rights organizations have the responsibility to ensure that the governments and other counter terrorism officials respect the human rights and the law in their fight against terrorism. The human rights organizations also have an important role to play in definition of terrorism at the international level and also participate in proposing the best way in which the issue should be handled (International Council on Human Rights Policy 2011: 10). There is a need for the advocates to have a clear and understandable stand on the issue of terrorism in order to come up with the most effective way to mitigate terrorism. Gani and Mathew (2008: 142) observed that there is a need to have a modern approach towards the war against terrorism. For instance, terrorists have changed their tactics and approaches to execute terror. There is a need to have a more advanced security check in airports and por ts to prevent exchange of dangerous weapons between countries. It is also necessary to have harmonised legal frameworks in order to improve the efficiency while dealing with terror cases that involves cross border issues. As already noted, the issue of terrorism has a critical human rights implication both for the victims and the perpetrators. The measures taken in an effort to mitigate terrorism has raised critical human rights issues.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, new means of controlling the movement of people from one place to another has critical human right issues because some of the means applied are seen to violate their movement rights (Australian Human Rights Commission 2011: par 4). In the contemporary world, the level of technology has significantly increased. Interaction between various parts of the world has also intensified due to increased efficiency in communication. This makes it easier to detect any plans of terror before it is executed. This has presented a major improvement in the war against terror. Meanwhile, several bodies are advocating for use of democratic strategies in the fight against terrorism (Weinberg 2008: 80). This has increased security threats from terrorism both at international and the national levels (Antonio and Sà ¡nchez 2009: 36). It has also raised a concern on violation of basic human rights both through the act and also through the process of mitigating the act itself. For instance, terrorism cases may rise when excessive emphasis is put on democratic strategies in mitigating terror. As earlier mentioned, there are different forms of terrorism which can be identified in this case. One kind of terrorism is religious terrorism. This is a type of terrorism where religious terrorists attack a large number of people whom they refer to as their enemies. Some of the religious terror groups include Hezbollah, Al Qaeda and Hamas. Narcoterrorism is another common kind of terrorism. This is the kind of terrorism which involves drugs. Other kinds of terrorism include the state sponsored terrorism. Different People have up with varying typologies in an attempt to understand the issue of terrorism. Lockinger categorises terrorism according to the players who are involved. Lockinger categorises terrorism based on the actors involved, means and methods used, motives as well as the geographical range (Schmid 2011: 173). In terms of geographical range, there can be either domestic or international terrorism (Schmid 2011: 173).Advertising Looking for dissertation on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Domestic terrorism is the kind of terrorism where the terrorism activities are conducted by the people from within the country. This is opposed to international terrorism where the perpetrators may be from a foreign country. In terms of the methods used, ter4rorism can be classified as suicide terrorism, Cyber terrorism, bio-terrorism, nuclear terrorism and chemical terrorism (Schmid 2011: 173). This study seeks to examine the conflicting issues on the best approach to handle the terrorism perpetrators. There are conflicting ideas on human rights concerning how the perpetrators should be treated from their judgement to their trial. In other words, the study will help in understanding better the issue of crime and its mitigation. Research Question Which differences results in determining the best approach to mitigate terrorism? In other words, this study seeks to examine the issues on human rights that arise from the intervention to combat terrorism. Literature Review Several studies have been done on the implication of the human rights on the terrorism activities. This literature seeks to identify the main contributions on the issue after which gaps on these studies will be identified. The literature reviewed will be useful in answering the research question. In the contemporary world, cases of terrorism have significantly increased. This has posed a great threat to the human rights. This is because the issue of terrorism raises critical human rights concern from both perspectives. There are critical human rights concerns to both the victims as well as the perpetrators of terrorism (Strossen 2003: 7). The concept of human rights can be traced back in 1948 through the Universal Declaration of the human rights (Zalman 2011: par 1). This involves both individual and collective human rights. This reveals the importance of observing the issues of human rights in the fight against terrorism. Transfer of Terrorist Suspects The transfer of individuals who are suspecte d for terrorist activities has significant implication on the human rights and international relations. The transfer if terror suspects can significantly affect international relations. For instance, the process in which the exercise is conducted may be seen to violate the basic human rights. It is necessary to have coordination between the countries involved to ensure that here is need for the terror suspects to be transferred in a more transparent way which is consistent with the human rights at both international and the national levels. According to the legal rights, detainees have the right to be notified about the reason for their detention and the offence they are charged for (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human rights 2008: 825). They should also be allowed to access legal counsel. At the national level, the national authorities have the responsibility of ensuring that all the human rights and transfer or detention are in accordance with the internationa l law. In this case, the past studies have failed to compare the differences and the similarities on the various approaches applied by different countries to handle the case. For instance, Strossen (2003) carried out an intensive study on the views of many human right activists in mitigating terrorism (12). However, he did not make any attempt to compare the differing views on the rights if victims and terrorism perpetrators. ]This study seeks to fill such gaps. Several cases from the past have clearly demonstrated how the process of transporting terror suspects can raise critical human rights issues. One of these cases involved the transfer of Al Qaeda terrorist suspects from Bosnia to the United States. The suspects were perceived to have planned to bomb the U.S Embassy in Sarajevo (Naegele 2002). This led to protests as some believed that there was no enough evidence against the terrorists. Therefore, transferring them to the United States as terrorists was against their rights a s human beings. Some of the protestors also argued that the fight against terrorism was directed towards the Islam (Naegele 2002: par 4). Right to Security Through terrorism, innocent people suffer through the attack that leads to violation of their basic rights to live in security and peace. Therefore, these rights must also be considered in the process of prosecution. The perpetrators have the right not to pass through any kind of torture or any other form of treatment that degrades their dignity as members of the human family (Thomas 1999: 124). The suspects of the terrorist cases should remain innocent until they are proven guilty in the court. However, the previous studies have not addressed the security issues rising from the process of judgement. Kalhan et al discussed about arbitrary and non uniform enforcement of the measures against terrorism as one of the main causes of the controversy surrounding the fight against terrorism (Kalhan et al 2006: 174). He argued that there is a need for the government to consider impartiality while addressing the issue of terrorism. However, the study failed to come out clearly on the issue of security. Therefore, this raises a need to take a critical analysis in this field. According to Oberleitner (20003: 1), we live in a counter terrorism world and therefore there is a need to be prepared for terrorist attacks (1). In connection to this, it is argued that there is a need to limit human rights to some extent in an effort to combat terrorism. Oberleitner also noticed that the gap between the language of human rights and the language of the security a growing apart more and more (2003: 2). This study however does not cover the issue the rights to security arising from the issue of terrorism. Right against Torture In some cases, terror suspects are highly susceptible to torture. This has raised critical concerns on the issue of human rights. For instance, some people has been deported or expelled due to terror charges. When suspects of terror are suspended from their countries of origin, they are more likely to face ill treatment or torture (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008: 11). For instance, many terror suspects have been found to have been severely beaten and injured in order in an attempt to force them to give information. However, it may be perceived that there is no enough evidence from the suspect’s country. Torturing such individuals may therefore be considered as going against the basic human rights. Other Issues In the recent past, the cases of Al Qaeda attacks led to a declaration of the global war against terrorism (Blanchfield 2010: 56). This fight was intensified by the Al Qaeda attacks of September 11 which left very many people dead (Grunwald 2001: par 4). This declaration was characterized by employment of more rigorous measures to mitigate terrorism. These harsh measures that are aimed to curb terrorism activities have raised a concern on the issue of human rights. This is more so in the United States as well as the countries that have agreed to join hands in the fight against terrorism in the world. As a result of these issues of human rights, many counter terrorism campaigners have collided severally with the human rights organizations. During his administration, Bush took a tough stance on the war against terrorism. This made him to fall at loggerheads with the human right organizations. Many countries like United Kingdom, Australia and others has been accused of taking the chance of hampering civil liberties for some of the citizens (Golder and Williams 2006: 46). For instance, the European Union has been accused by the human rights organizations for putting suspects under illegal detention and taking the terrorist suspects in other countries where they undergo torture. This is despite the fact that this form of treatment is against the international declaration of the human rights which accords special recogn ition of every human being as the member of the human family though the declaration has no legal power (High Commissioner for Human Rights 3). Despite of this declaration, it was observed that majority of countries continued to threaten basic human rights (Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour 2010: par 18). According to the Centre for Human Rights and Humanitarian law, many countries have been accused of taking the advantage of the September 11 to benefit from the use of terrorism prevention in other activities. For instance, some countries have been accused of using this opportunity to intensify their crackdown on the political opponents or religious groups (Alexander 2006: 24). For instance, political opponents may lay blames on each other to be associated with terrorism attacks. This may be purposely directed towards the opponent as a weapon against them. Many refugees and other foreigners have also undergone unnecessary suffering through the battle against terrorism. Acc ording to the information by the human right organizations some of the affected countries include China, Eritrea, Belarus, Russia, Australia, Israel, India, Liberia, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Syria, United States, Zimbabwe and Uzbekistan (Zalman 2011: par 6). In order to solve the issues arising from the efforts directed towards combating crime, the international law has prescriptions on the balance between the human rights and confrontation of terrorism. These prescriptions emphasizes on the need to respect the rights of both the terror victims and perpetrators. After the terrorism attacks of September 11, many countries focused on the fight against terrorism. Some of these officials included the former UN secretary general Kofi Annan (Yotopoulos et al 2004: 96). Following the intensification of the fight against terrorism, a number of human rights campaigners called upon the governments to ensure that all the measures taken to combat terrorism does not in one way or another interfere wi th human rights and fundamental freedoms (Yotopoulos 2004: 96). In an effort to combat terrorism, many people have attempted to convince that there is no conflict between the human rights activists and the government officials responsible in combating terrorism activities. However, the state officials have a major role to play in protecting the rights of both the victims as well as the possible target groups for terror attacks. The fight against terrorism has faced a big challenge from the human right activists (Goswami 2001: 58). One of the ways through which the state can ensure that it conforms to the basic human rights is by ensuring that they conduct their activities within the legal framework. In formulation of the policies to combat terrorism, the states must ensure that they act within the national and international legal framework. This is because neither of the two can lead to an effective solution when applied individually. For instance, there are some domestic terrorism crimes which are effectively solved domestically. This will require national legal guidance in order to coordinate the activities involved effectively. Terrorists’ human rights and its implication on the rights of victims The human rights organizations have in many cases differed with the counter terrorist campaigners on the way in which the issue of terrorism should be handled. These differences are based on the fact that the rectification of the vice should not in any way violate the basic rights of individuals as the part of the human family. On the other hand, the attempts made by the human rights organizations to protect the rights of the terrorist suspects is viewed as violating the human rights of the terrorist victims whose security, peace and life is threatened. The office of the United Nations High Commission of Human rights has however taken the issue optimistically arguing that the protection of the human rights acts as a supplement to the measures taken to combat terrorism rather than undermining its efficiency (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2008: 66). This reveals one some of the issues that leads to a clash between human rights and the governments’ efforts to combat terrorism. Both sides seem to be in perpetual disagreements arising from their differences on the most appropriate approach. This raises a serious issue on the efforts towards the fight against crime. These views are differing and therefore there decisions may take a very long duration in coming up with the most appropriate measures to apply in the fight against terrorism. Measures taken to curb terrorism and its implications on human rights Over the past years, there have been a number of different measures that have been applied in fighting terrorism. The first anti-terrorism legislation was the ordinance No. 33 of 5708 which was passed in 1948 by Israel (Legalsutra 2011: par 26). Many people have proposed different ways through which the issue of terrorism can best be solved. However, the issue of the best method through which this matter should be handled still remains controversial. â€Å"When we see that the struggle for human rights in all the world is the surest and best means to prevent and to punish terrorism properly so-called, we then understand what progress we have made, and we will see where we need to go from here† (Tigar 2011: par 19). Tigar emphasized on the need to have a critical consideration of the issue of terrorism from the global perspective, consider its implications on the human rights in order to make the most effective decisions on the way forward regarding the issue. A critical examination of the issue will help in solving the dilemma on how the terrorists should be sanctioned within the human rights’ framework. As already noted, the war against terrorism has been faced by many controversies. For instance, the approach taken on the war against terrorism is perceived in a negative manner by most Muslims all over the world. This is because they view the action as a threat towards their community and their religion and therefore threatening their rights to worship as human beings. Furthermore it is seen as torture for the human Muslims. Muslim societies in Christian- dominated parts of the world still feel that they are not treated equally (as the Christians) due to their practices of religion and faith. In other words, the actions taken to counter terrorism are viewed to violate the rights of the Muslims as human beings. This aspect hinders the success of the war against terrorism since some communities may not cooperate mainly because they feel they are being undermined (Blanchfield 2010: 16). In the process of combating terrorism action, there is threat assessment based on current data and information, and then the criticality and vulnerability assessment is done based on the threat assessment. Prevention measures in terms of personal and physical security, awareness creation and training is then done. Authority and jurisdiction are exercised and there is also crisis management planning and execution (Jenkins 2002: 17). These practices are aimed at bringing awareness to the public on the issue of terrorism. This helps in overcoming any misconceptions. After the September 11 attack, there were stringent measures which were taken by the member states of the UN. Strict measures were adopted to mitigate terrorism which was targeted on the individuals who were in any way involved or supported terrorism in the country (Skinnider 2011: 5). This was judged from all forms of terrorism manifestations. In connection to this, the member states were expected to report to the Counter Terrorism Committee all the measures they have implemented to combat terrorism (Skinnider 2011: 5). Soon after these measures were adopted, the concerns about the human rights were raised. Tension rose after the adoption of these measures over the respect for the human rights. The major problem was that the Counter Terrorism Committee rarely took into consideration the issue of human rights while giving directions to the member states to have stringent measures to curb terrorism in the world (Council of Europe Committee of Ministers 2005: 46). This is despite the fact that the High Commissioner for Human rights standards had proposed election of human right experts in the processes in order to ensure that human rights were not violated in the effort to fight terrorism. This implies that core security concerns can lead to violation of human rights. After the September 11 terrorism attack, the issue of the balance between security and the respect for the human rights raised serious concern. Leonard (not dated: par 7) observed that human rights cannot be respected if the security is threatened. There was therefore a big concern by the international human rights committee to marry the two. For instance, the bombing which took place in the la te 1998 after which several terrorist attacks followed led to the loss of many lives (Jakarta par 2011: 4). In such a case, there is a need to consider the safety of the nationals. More concerns were raised after the comment made by the Chairman of Counter Terrorism Committee that the issue of human rights was outside the mandate of the committee (Tsang 2008: 45). This triggered the action by the human rights organizations to rise to push for the consideration of the human rights in the fight against terrorism. In connection to this, the Security Council resolution 1456 emphasized on the responsibilities under the international law for the States to ensure that they comply with the international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law in the measures taken to mitigate terrorism in the world (Great Britain: Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights 2008: 45). This case illustrates that it is difficult to combat terrorism activities without raising issues of human rights. The main concern is on how to optimizer on the two cases. That is, combating terror while minimizing violation of basic human rights in the process. Later, the General Assembly took another action where another resolution, which promoted the protection of the human rights and important freedoms in the fight against terrorism. In order to ensure that this was met, the High Commissioner for Human Rights was assigned with the responsibility of ensuring that human rights are protected in formulation and implementation of the counter terrorism measures. The commissioner was also responsible for giving recommendations to the United Nations and the governments on the necessary measures necessary in protection of the human rights. Therefore, the Committee members of the human rights provided the necessary guidelines to be considered in order to promote human rights in the battle against terror. From that point, the United Nations human rights bodies continued to monitor closely the implications of the measures adopted to combat terrorism on the human rights (Paul 2004: 940). According to Roger (2005), the fight against terrorism has made immigrants more susceptible to mistreatment (par 6). Some of the issues which were closely considered by the human rights committee included elimination of torture, racial discrimination and any possible activities which threatens the human rights. Other non-governmental organizations has recently joined in an effort to ensure continued scrutiny on continued observation of the law The response to the terrorism activities at the national level has also been similar to the approach at the international level. It has been characterized by contradiction over the human rights concerns raised in the battle against terrorism. Over the past, many states have been responding to the issue of terrorism in their own ways. Many countries have their own regulations which guide how they handle terrorism cases. However, these regulations were revised followi ng the September 11 incident which called for intensification of the security measures employed to counter terrorism. According to Odello and Cavandoli (2011: 148), the measures that had been applied earlier were not sufficient to solve the problem of terrorism in the contemporary world. This is the reason why the terrorist groups managed to strike America on September 11 leaving hundreds of people dead. There is therefore a need to revise these methods in order to increase their effectiveness. This will help in harmonizing the differences between the human rights and the efforts employed in the fight against crime. Although many states had earlier employed several measures to combat terrorism, these measures proved futile after September 11. This is because the laws that were directed to probe and arraign terrorists in court were no longer satisfactory (Bassiouni 1988: 110). For instance, there was need to intensify the measures which could help in preventing the crime from happeni ng. Although several countries had been applying terrorism prevention measures, these measures were not sufficient to combat terrorism which has been intensifying each and every day (Council of Europe 2002: 123). The preventive measures in this case were of great importance as they promoted the effectiveness of the counter terrorism laws. The report published by Inter-American Commission on Human Rights however insisted on the need to have vigilant investigation in order to promote fair judgment (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2002: par 1). Following the September 11 Attack, several countries revised their definition of crime. Before the incident, this was only prevalent in the countries that were at a higher risk of national terrorism (Shattuck 2003: 185). However, various countries have been applying the terms involving detention, prosecution and punishment of the terrorism suspects in varying degree (Baskaran 2003: 40). State of Emergency In most cases, the state of em ergency powers has been usually applied severally to justify application of certain measures which could be considered to be against the human rights. In the state of emergence, a state is justified to apply severe measures for the sake of national security. However, the human right organizations has been arguing that this freedom has been misused as an excuse to apply measures that violates State’s treaty obligations (Saul 2006: 86). These obligations required the states to ensure that they consider human rights in taking counter terrorism measures from the level of investigation to the punishment of terrorism suspects. However, it is important to note that the international human rights law recognizes the fact that states sometimes face some cases of emergency where they may face violent conflicts and other major problems which may pose a great threat to the nation (Burton and Shapiro 2010: 417). For instance, the cases of terrorism have recently increased significantly and therefore there may be the need to have emergency cases (Greenberg 2005: 45). The human rights laws have clearly defined the acceptable measures which are applicable in this situation in an attempt to balance the national security and the human rights. However, the human rights committee has helped in formation of the boundaries which has attempted to balance the measures applied in different states and the respective national security concerns (Kà ¤lin and Kà ¼nzli 2009: 89). In other words, the human rights laws have attempted to marry both the national security and the human rights in order to come up with the most effective laws to deal with the situation (Santow and Williams 2011: 3). For instance, some of the specifications in several human rights treaties had agreed with some of the measures that required a short term suspension of some rights in case there is high security threat from a terrorism attack (Lynch, MacDonald and Williams 2007: 134). Some of the states which h ave declared the state of emergency include the United Kingdom where it was rendered the right to apply exceptional measures for the sake of national security (Great Britain Parliament 2005: 35). Limitations of the Literature Reviewed (Gaps in the past studies) From the literature review, several gaps can be identified from the several researches done on the topic. However, there has been very little attempt made to investigate on the feasibility of the international measures against terrorism with the human rights requirements. The previous literature has also not provided adequate data to support the research findings. For instance, the past studies have failed to support its claims on the terror perpetrators whose rights have been violated. It has also failed to provide any data on torture cases. Such information is important in supporting the proposed claims. This study seeks to fill this gap by addressing the feasibility of the international counter terrorism measures with the human rights requirement. The main theme of the study is the differences on the best approach towards the fight against terror. Methodology Subjects for the Study This study will be based on the global perspective in the human rights and the war against terrorism. International data will therefore be necessary in this case. The main people who will provide important information in this study will be officials who are involved in the issue both from human rights organizations as well as from counter terrorism government officials. These leaders will be helpful in provision of the necessary information which will help in understanding the issue of combating terrorism and its implication on human rights. The government officials will also be significant in providing the necessary information in this study. Some of the common citizens will also help in provision of necessary information. These people will be helpful in providing the necessary information that will play a pivotal role in answering the research question. They will also help in understanding the issues surrounding the counter terrorism practices and its implications on the human rights. Information will be collected from the respondent through structured questionnaires. This will be emailed to the respondents who will be expected to send the filled questionnaire back within two weeks. Close contact will be maintained with the respondents to clarify any issues concerning the questionnaire. This method will be applied in collecting information which will play a significant role in making the final conclusions. Conclusion In conclusion this study will be very useful in helping the policy makers in understanding the balance between the human rights and counterterrorism activities. It will provide the necessary understanding of the main areas which leads to differences between the human rights organizations and the counter terrorism government officials. From the above discussion, it is clear that the iss ue of terrorism has brought a major concern on the issue of anti terrorism measures employed across the world and its implications on human rights. Therefore, there is need to adopt more democratic measures which take into account basic human rights. This will lead to an effective war against terrorism hence promoting both national and international security. Works Cited Alexander, Yonah. Counterterrorism Strategies: Successes and Failures of Six Nations. U.S.A.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2006. Antonio, Pablo and Sà ¡nchez, Fernà ¡ndez. International Legal Dimension of Terrorism, Volume 2006. Netherlands.: Brill, 2009. Australian Human Rights Commission. â€Å"Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights.† Hreoc, 30th Jul. 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/counter_terrorism/index.html Baskaran, William. Terrorism and Non-violent Responses. Gandhi Marg, Vol. 252003. pp 40.  Bassiouni, Cherif. Legal Responses to International Terrorism: U.S. Procedural Aspects. Ne therlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988. Blanchfield, Luisa. United Nations Human Rights Council: Issues for Congress. New York: Diane Publishing, 2010. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour. â€Å"Introduction to the 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. â€Å"state.gov, 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/frontmatter/154329.htm Burton, Emilie and Shapiro, Jacob. Tortured Relations: Human Rights Abuses and Counterterrorism Cooperation. The Journal of Politics. Quarterly. Volume 72, 2010.pp 415-pp419. Christopher, Blanchard. Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology. USA: Diane Publishing, 2010 Council of Europe. Guidelines On Human Rights And The Fight Against Terrorism: Adopted By The Committee Of Ministers On 11 July 2002 At The 804th Meeting Of The Ministers Ì“Deputies. Europe: Council of Europe, 2002. Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism: The Council of Europe Guidelines. C ouncil of Europe, 2005. Gani, Miriam and Mathew, Penelope. Fresh Perspectives on the ‘War on Terror. Australia: ANU E Press, 2008. Golder, Ben and Williams, George. Balancing National Security and Human Rights: Assessing the Legal Response of Common Law Nations to the Threat of Terrorism.Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Vol. 8, No. 1, 43 – 62, March 2006. Goswami, Arnab. Combating Terrorism; The legal Challenge. New Delhi: Rupa, 2001. Great Britain. Parliament: Joint Committee on Human Rights. New York: The Stationery Office, 2008. Great Britain: Parliament Joint Committee on Human Rights. Counter-terrorism Policy and Human Rights: Report and formal minutes. London: The Stationery Office, 2005. Greenberg, Karen. Al Qaeda Now: Understanding Today’s Terrorists. USA: Cambridge University Press, 2005 Grunwald, Michael. ‘‘Terrorists Hijack 4 Airliners, Destroy World Trade Centre, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead.’’ The Washington Post. 12 S eptember 2001.pp1. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033107980.html High Commissioner for Human Rights. â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights United Nations.† Donegallpass, 17 Oct. 2011. http://donegallpass.org/UNIVERSAL_DECLARATION_OF_HUMAN_RIGHTS.pdf International Council on Human Rights Policy. â€Å"Human Rights after September 11.† Ichrp, 2002. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.ichrp.org/files/reports/29/118_report_en.pdf Jakarta, Muladi. â€Å"Extraordinary strategy against terrorism and human rights.† The Jakarta post, July 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/21/extraordinary-strategy-against-terrorism-and-human-rights.html Kà ¤lin, Walter and Kà ¼nzli, Jà ¶rg. The Law of International Human Rights Protection. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Kalhan et al., 2006. Colonial continuities: human Rights, terrorism, and security Laws in India. Columbia Journal of Asian L aw. pp. 93-235 Legalsutra. â€Å"Terrorism.† Legal sutra, 2002. 30th Jul. 2011. http://legalsutra.org/1716/terrorism/ Leonard, Dick. â€Å"Counter-terrorism and Human Rights – is the EU on The Right Course?† fpc, 30th Jul. 2011. http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/517.pdf Lynch Andrew, MacDonald Edwina Williams George. Law and Liberty in the War on Terror. New York: Federation Press. 2007. Marangopoulos, Alice Yotopoulos et al. Anti-terrorist Measures and Human Rights. New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004. Michael, Jenkins. Countering Al Qaeda: an Appreciation of the Situation and Suggestions for Strategy. California: Rand Corporation, 2002 Naegele, Jolyon. â€Å"Bosnia: Transfer of Terrorist Suspects To U.S. Raises Many Questions.† Rferl, 2002. 17th Oct. 2011. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1098541.html Oberleitner, Gerd. â€Å"Human rights and security – The Two Towers?† 2003. 17th Oct. 2011. https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd= 3ved=0CDsQFjACurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lse.ac.uk%2FhumanRights%2FarticlesAndTranscripts%2FSecurity_and_human_rights.pdfrct=jq=Right%20to%20Security%2C%20terrorists%2C%20pdfei=4CecTuHCD46M4gTkguG7BAusg=AFQjCNGeuTjDTuzeFSn5Q_ZzjeaFJW0OJAcad=rja Odello Marco and Cavandoli Sofia. Emerging Areas of Human Rights in the 21st Century: The Role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Taylor Francis, 2011. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter terrorism. Fact Sheet No. 32. ISSN 1014-5567GE.08-41872–July 2008–7,820 Paul, Hoffman. Human Rights and Terrorism. Human Rights Quarterly – Vol. 26, No. 4, 2004, pp. 932-955. Roge, David. â€Å"Human Rights and Terrorism.† Prospect magazine, 2005. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2005/09/humanrightsandterrorism Santow Edward and Williams George. â€Å"Terrorism Threat Assessments: A gap in the rule of Law?† juridicas, 30th Jul . 2011. http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/6/109.pdf Saul, Ben. Defining Terrorism in International Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Schmid, Alex. The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research. New York: Taylor Francis, 2011. Shattuck, John. Religion, Rights and Terrorism. Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 16, (2003). Skinnider, Eileen. â€Å"Counter-Terrorism Measures and the Impact on International Human Rights Standards in the Field of Criminal Justice.† Icclr, 2004. 30th Jul. 2011. http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Publications/Reports/Counter%20terrorism%20measures.pdf Strossen, Nadine. Maintaining Human Rights in a time of Terrorism. New York Lay School Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19. 2003. Thomas K. Human Rights, Terrorism and Policing in India. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute, 1999. Tigar, Michael. â€Å"Terrorism and Human Rights.† About.com, 30th Jul. 2011. http://terrorism.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJzTi=1sdn=terrorismcdn=newsissuestm=239 96f=20tt=2bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.monthlyreview.org/1101tigar.htm Tsang, Steve. Intelligence and Human Rights in the Era of Global Terrorism. U.S.A.: Stanford University Press, 2008. Weinberg Leonard. Democratic Responses to Terrorism. New York: Taylor Francis, 2008. Zalman, Amy. â€Å"Human Rights Terrorism: An Overview.† About.com, 2011. 30th Jul. 2011. http://terrorism.about.com/od/humanrights/a/Human_Rights.htm This dissertation on The Effect of Terrorism on Human Rights: The Clash between the human rights advocates and victims of terrorism was written and submitted by user Bella M. to help you with your own studies. 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The education system is meritocratic Essays

The education system is meritocratic Essays The education system is meritocratic Paper The education system is meritocratic Paper Essay Topic: Education The education system is viewed in many different ways by different sociologists. When talking about the education system sociologists are referring to forms of education where people experience secondary socialisation which is the relearning of the norms and values learned during primary socialisation in the family; it is also viewed as an agent of social control where children are taught to conform to societies expectations and they are taught this through the hidden curriculum which is lessons which arent part of the national curriculum which the government says are needed to be learnt but are lessons such as how to be obedient and who to be obedient to. The system of meritocracy the idea that the ones who do well are rewarded and the ones who not do well are not i. e. those who do the best get the best job. The meritocratic view of the education system means that the system is fair and supports all however, other sociologists discard this view as legitimising a system of inequality where some people dues to wealth/class do better than others. Functionalists believe that the education system is meritocratic. A meritocracy is the idea that those who work hard receive rewards this is the view the hardest working students get the best grades and go on to get the best jobs they believe that it is difference in cultural values that lead to differences in class results which have been seen throughout the years and were evident in the end of the recent academic year with children in the highest social classes doing better than those in the lowest social classes. Trough this system of meritocracy there is an equality of opportunity which is where school creates a system where all people can become equal no matter what class, gender or ethnicity everyone has the same opportunity to become a police officer or a doctor. This meritocracy is said to sift and sort perspective students into their correct positions as an adult in society. According to Parsons school is simply the bridge between the family or primary socialisation and entry to employment. He views the education system as a positive system of placing the best students at the top both in school and eventually the work place. This idea is supported by Davis and Moore (1945) who say that meritocracy is the system which social institutes (this includes school) use to sift and sort its members into different positions in this way they believe that school is meritocratic. They view meritocracy as allowing the principles of stratification to take place where individuals are place and motivated into different positions. Marxists criticise Davis and Moore for having extreme conservative views and being very class based. Functionalists view meritocracy as being evident in society and they use evidence such as the rise of working class children in universities as there has been a rise of working class children in higher education than in the fifties supporting the idea of a meritocracy. This view however like others comes up against scrutiny from Marxists who say the proof that is given isnt as conclusive as would be made out as the expansion of universities has largely benefited the bourgeoisie as there are more middle and upper class people in universities. They say that meritocracy is made yup in order to legitimise the system they view the few working class kids in universities as letting a few through to keep the rest quiet as it means people accept their positions as if I would have worked harder I could have achieved this. Marxists then due to this fact view the education as unfair and not meritocratic. They do however believe that there is a myth of meritocracy which was made up to legitimise the system of unfairness in which the bourgeoisie rule and the proletariat are exploited. The myth of meritocracy sets up a way of making the working class accept that they are working class and will always be working class this is where legitimising comes in they believe that the few working class kids that go to university make the rest of the working class think that its possible but they just didnt try hard enough to achieve the top positions and in this way as Althusser talks about a docile and obedient workforce is produced because the education system of a capitalist society passes on the belief through meritocracy that it is fair and the poor should accept their poverty as its their fault as they didnt try hard enough or they messed around. The myth of meritocracy is spoken about by Bowles and Gintis they said that school did allocate students into jobs but said this was not a positive concept but a negative one which was legitimised by the myth of meritocracy where there is an idea that meritocracy exists and this is fed through the hidden curriculum as children are told through school if you work hard you can achieve this but this doesnt exist its just said to not only to make sure there is not an uprising against the capitalist system but also reproduce the classes. Marxists criticise functionalists ideas behind meritocracy for numerous reasons. Functionalists say that the free education system is proof of fairness however, Marxists disagree and talk about the existence of grammar schools (whose students are mostly from the middle class) and private schools which are also very middle class institutions and public schools which are too expensive for anyone outside the upper class and because these schools exist and have better funding and more money they can afford the best things to help students do well. Marxists also believe that there are disadvantages for working class children before they even start school this through things such as material deprivation this is that working class kids cant afford things that others can such as tutors and in some cases computers this means that they have disadvantaged resources so they cant possibly have the same chance as others. Also Bourdieu though criticised for being culturally bias and suggesting the working class culture is a deprived one he picks up the point that teachers are middle class and so schools are middle institutions and for this reason the working class cant fit in as well as the middle class who have cultural capital do the best which is proven year after year when GCSE and A-Level results are released. They are also disadvantaged in the way that they speak; Labov and Bernstein talk about speech codes and how these disadvantage the working class. Bernstein spoke about two different kinds of speech codes these are elaborated which are very descriptive this is a middle class way of speaking and what is needed in school and restricting which is colloquial and consists of slang words which create a view of a person not being as bright. Labov went on to say that we must be careful not to assume a restricted speech code means that a person is thick however, judgements are made based on the way people speak; because of these disadvantages the system can not be meritocratic as meritocracy is based on a system of fairness and depends on people being equal from the beginning. Interactionalists agree with Labov and Bernstein as they agree that people are labelled on how they look and sound so how can their be a meritocracy if people are treated differently according to aspects of their personality? The interactionalist approach is mostly against the idea of a meritocracy because they believe that teacher labelling exists and George Herbert Mead spoke about symbolic interactionalism where our behaviour is in part created by the way we are treated by those around us; in particular significant others which are people who have power and control in our lives such as parents, teachers, friends and partners. In particular the role of teachers in education is picked up upon as Jacobson and Rosenthal (1968) found that when a group of children came up from primary school all at the same level they told teachers that some did particularly well on a test they made which predicted future genius this was a fake test and they chose randomly who would be the intellectual bloomers after a term they went back and found those that were labelled as intellectual bloomers done a lot better than others this proves that meritocracy can not exist as teachers label and can change results so not every one gets a fair chance as if your labelled as bright youll do better and if your not you wont do as well. David Gillborn whos research is largely ethnographic and still continues to this day said in his book Racism and Education: Coincidence or Conspiracy published in 2008 that the system is not designed to promote equality but to maintain the achievement gap between the white pupils and those pupils of ethnic minorities by stating this he immediately rejects the idea of a meritocracy as meritocracy is about people having equality from the beginning and being judged upon hard work however, if people are judged upon by ethnicity fairness cannot exist. Evidence for this is that Gillborn found that there was race labelling in the Local education Authorities (LEA) who expected a rise in white pupils attainment of 40 percent but only a 17 percent rise in that of black pupils and because interactionalists believe that we are largely shaped by those around us if black pupils are not expected to do as well then they will not; this is the idea of a self fulfilling prophecy in which a child in continuously told that they will not do well so they do not do well. Stephan Ball (1981) also used ethnographic study in order to conduct his research. In his study Beachside Comprehensive he found that teachers treat pupils differently based on streaming which is where a person is put in one stream for all subjects (assuming a person who is bright at one subject is bright at all subjects) and setting which is when you have different sets for each subject (accepts pupils are bright at different things) and because of this difference in the way that people are treated there can not be a meritocracy as not everyone is treated the same and as teachers are considered as a significant other in the way we establish ourselves if they view us as not bright we will consider ourselves not bright. Social democrats look at class and attainment. Hasley (1960s) criticised the education system for wasting talent this is because streaming exists as if you are good at a particular subject but are placed in a lowest because you are not good at national curriculum subjects your talent at that subject is wasted because it may lead the child to think that they are not good at that subject so give up which wastes their talent and because of this equality of opportunity is not provided so therefore a system of meritocracy cant exist. The social democratic political time brought into play the comprehensive system as a way to try and make a meritocracy but they do not believe that it exists. The social democratic view is that of Gordon Brown and the Labour Party they believe in helping people to do well and not wasting talent but many social democrats believe this is not yet happening. Feminists believe that gender differences mean that the education system cannot be meritocratic because for good or for bad there are gender differences in attainment and because of such obvious differences they see that their cant be fairness. In the beginning of education girls werent doing as good as boys were and liberal feminists focused on law change and change in social attitudes to make the system and results more equal and stop gender stereotyped lessons being taught. Although after the introduction of the national curriculum girls tended to do better and this is put down to feminisation of the workplace and because there is still a difference between the sexes so there cant be a meritocracy while there are such obvious differences. These differences are proved by the results which are achieved by students each year at GCSE and A-Level data retrieved by DfES and UCAS found that there are 10% more girls achieving five or more A* to C grades and 8% more girls achieving A-B grades at A-Level and because of this factor there are 8% more girls being accepted into university degree courses. There are many different types of feminist though the main theme is gender difference and how this can not equate a meritocracy and although black feminists speak about ethnicity playing a role and Marxist feminists talk about economic factors playing a part in gender difference feminism as a whole accepts that because these differences exist there cant be fairness and therefore there cant be a meritocracy. Sylvia Walby (1999) who is a post-modernist feminist found that equality could not occur in the education system today when she spoke about her triple systems theory in which equality will only occur when we take into consideration the triple impact of sex. Class and race on a persons life experiences and because these things can either act as advantages or disadvantages to a persons education their cant be a meritocracy which is based on all people being the same and doing well due to their own personal attempts. Heaton and Lawson also argue that even within the hidden curriculum there is a system of inequality which operates in 5 ways: books and text books were women are displayed as dependant on men and absent from science text books, female students being made to feel uncomfortable in certain subjects (e. g. woodwork which is considered a male profession), teachers who label and assign girls and boys different tasks such as asking boys to move furniture and girls to wash up, a patriarchal curriculum where boys are more recognised than girls in subjects such as PE, and lack of positive role models. This however at the time was applied to girls failing but can also be attributed to the system not being meritocratic as the encouragement of working class boys into wood work which would not necessarily be put to middle class boys sees the myth of meritocracy in place as they are not treated (boys and girls as well as working and middle class) the same. Post modern is a period of time which occurs after the 1970s the period between the industrial revolution and 1970 is known as the modern where things were new and things were changing the time which we live in now is after the modern so is known as the post modern society. Post modernist sociologists view society as diverse and they believe this is represented in the educational system with the array of qualifications such as BTEC, Diploma and Vocational as well as GCSEs and A-Levels. They talk about society in terms of a grand narrative this is that religion and science are nothing but a big story and because knowledge that we have is a story then teachers are story tellers and as narrative changes over time teachers can never really prepare you for life this proves according to them that a meritocratic education system can not exist as it is designed to sift and sort people into their roles in society and if society is always changing the education system is pointless as what job school prepares you to take may not exist. Moore and Hickox (1994) argue that because our world changes so much so quickly it is impossible to provide a national curriculum that fully prepares people for the world they will live in this is further support that sifting and sorting cant take place because jobs can exist one moment and not the next which means that the meritocratic system cant put the brightest at the top as the top is continuously changing. The New Right are a political v iew like the social democrats but they criticises the system in a different way. The New Right claim that schools and the whole educational system are too soft and easy as children are not encouraged to be independent and this is mostly due to the welfare state which is the introduction of free schooling, free healthcare, pensions and sick pay and this has made a dependant society which has a lack of responsibility and because of this new culture of dependency there has to be a lot of money spent by the government to keep society running. This is a very right wing view as they believe schools should be run like a business and increase competition between schools with the introduction of league tables and different types of school. This view is associated with the conservative party in government which initially between 1979 and 1997 was run by Margaret Thatcher but is now run by David Cameron. The view that the education system seems to be out weighed by the evidence against its existence however, it must be accepted that there are more working class people in university than in the fifties when people did what their parents did and this means that a meritocracy where people can move up and down the social ladder must exist as if it did not then their would be no working class kids in universities. However Marxists hold the view that because there is such a small number of working class people in university that they are just there in order to make meritocracy seem as though it exists and legitimise the myth. Interactionalists also hold the view that meritocracy doesnt exist and talk about labelling which matches in with the Marxist view put forward by Labov and Bernstein when they spoke about speech codes and interactionalists talk about the significance of when teachers pick this up. Feminists talk about gender differences which play a role in how well males and females do in education. Political views such as the social democratic and new right also hold the view that meritocracy doesnt exist because the system wastes talent or is wasteful of resources. Post modernists talk about how a meritocracy to make everyone equal cant exist because of the vast differences in society. When weighed up meritocracy appears to be a myth made in order to make society function well and for continuation of the classes as middle class people cant move down as they will inherit money from their parents so that means working class children need to go on and become working class adults. Although this concluding view is a very Marxist one it must be accepted that different schools of thought also have an input in the conclusion post modernism in particular as it sets out how different society is this means that there cant be a way to make everyone equal in order to have a meritocracy as things such as cultural capital advantage the middle class however, not all teachers are middle class which must be accepted but even despite this fact there is still the element of material deprivation which leaves the working class at a disadvantage because they cant afford the same things as the higher classes such as tutors. The education system therefore is not and can not be meritocratic as it meritocracy is influenced by many other factors.